Recently I have been researching the life and times of a Tharston man, William Hunt[1], who, following several misdemeanours, was transported to Australia in 1853. Whilst looking at newspaper reports I came across a somewhat lengthy clipping relating to a shooting at Walcot Green on the outskirts of Diss. My interest was piqued when I saw the reference to “transported some years since, and on his return with a ticket-of-leave“. The quite lengthy article from The Bury and Norwich Post[2], 25th June 1861, page 3, reads as:
Many interesting points within the clipping led to further research and are noted below. Whilst not a complete dissection of the content, there are some interesting observations, some requiring further research.
The incident occurred just after the 1861 Census [3] was taken and the entry for the household of George Ringer, 47, shareholder, showed him living with his wife Mary Ann, 58, and a live-in ‘servant of all work’, Susan Garrod, 20.
Trying to find more details of Susan’s life before and after the shooting have been difficult, especially as there are differing spelling of both her forename and surname. The 1861 Census at Walcot Green shows her as having been born in Winfarthing. BUT, there appears to be an entry in Winfarthing for her! With the absence of further possibilities, maybe she is recorded twice (not unheard of). If they are the same person then she survived the shooting and went on to marry James Glanfield in Winfarthing on 3rd Jan 1866 and have at least 5 children.
For several centuries, many towns and villages lacked public buildings that could be used for civic purposes. Churches and pubs were often used instead, even as temporary mortuaries - so the Magpie Inn[4] in Walcot Green held the inquest.
The inquest’s verdict of “felo de se” was medieval Latin for suicide.
Charles Sheldrake was born on 17th Feb 1834 and baptised on 16th Mar 1834 in Burston, parents John and Elizabeth (late Gladwin), his father a thatcher. At the age of 7 he appears in the 1841 Census [5] living in Burston with parents John (45, thatcher) and Elizabeth (45), and 5 siblings, James (15, agricultural labourer), Solomon (14, agricultural labourer), Perry (10), Eleanor (6) and Henry (4). By the time of the 1851 Census [6] he was living in Gissing, age 17, an agricultural labourer, again with parents John (61, thatcher) and Elizabeth (58), siblings Henry (13) and Elizabeth (9), and visitors Elizabeth (34) and Eleanor (16). No certain entry has been found for Charles in the 1861 Census – looking at other family trees, they also have no record for this. His death is recorded in the Civil Registrations[7] in the second quarter (April/May/June) of 1861.
Combining records it appears that Charles had 4 brothers: James, Solomon, Perry and Henry. It has been impossible to identify which one was referred to in the article as ‘walking’ with Susan.
A marriage for Charles was initially difficult to identify but became clearer when looking at the baptisms of their two children, which named their mother. It appears he married a Charlotte Self in 1858 and had 2 children, Osborne Charles (1858-1911) and Reuben John (1861-1945). After Charles had died, in 1864 Charlotte had another child, Rosetta. She married Richard Prentice, in 1869, with whom she had a further child, Benjamin (1869-1946). Rosetta took Richard’s name, was he the father?
The reference in the article to “transported some years since, and on his return with a ticket-of-leave” initially indicated that Charles had spent some time in one of the Colonies. The ‘ticket of leave’ inferred that he had been ‘paroled’ and was, at his own expense, free to return home. Searching for records of his transportation was fruitless. The records below showed the criminal record of Charles and his times in prison.
On 12th Apr 1852 he appeared at the General Quarter Sessions held at King’s Lynn, convicted of larceny, and sentenced to 6 weeks imprisonment.
The following year, on 15th Apr 1853, he was committed at Diss for larceny, stealing 6 plough shares and 2 guns. He appeared at the General Quarter Sessions held at the Castle in Norwich on 29th Jun 1853, convicted of larceny (with a previously noted conviction for felony), and sentenced to 10 years transportation. (There are two records for this, identical, but one is dated 30th Jun 1853.) He remained at Norwich Gaol until being sent to Milbank Prison [8].
The ‘Millbank Prison Register’ notes he was received on 18th Aug 1851, no. 25542, age on conviction 17, single, could neither read nor write, a labourer, convicted 29th Jun 1853 at Norwich Sessions for larceny and previous conviction of felony, sentence of 10 years transportation, and was sent to Pentonville Prison [9].
For the next 4 quarters Charles has a changed inmate number, now 2994, and is given as healthy. The last entry, quarter ending 30th Sep 1856, and it is shown that he was sent to Portsmouth Prison[10] on 25th Aug 1856.
Portsmouth Prison records show Charles as discharged under licence on 29th Jun 1857. So, Charles never was transported to the Colonies? The newspaper report gives him as having received a ‘ticket of leave’, but I was always under the impression that was a kind of ‘parole’ for those who had been transported.
Transportation did not cease in England until 1868, but it had been effectively stopped as a sentence by 1857 and had become unusual well before that date. Maybe Charles was one who was sentenced to be ‘transported’ but it never happened.
Further research leads me to think that ‘ticket of leave’ and ‘discharged under licence’ are interchangeable descriptions of the same thing. In The House of Commons, on Thursday, May 4th, 1854, part of answer to an inquiry about the ‘ticket of leave” system was “option was given to the person discharged under licence, in accordance with the Act of last year, to name the place he wished to go, and where, according to his statement, persons were willing to give him employment. Inquiries were then made on the spot as to the correctness of the statement, and, if it were found to be correct, he was permitted to go the place so named.” The ‘place so named’ was evidently to work for Mr. George Ringer at Walcot Green.
England had developed this system of “ticket of leave,” in which convicts detained under a sentence of transportation were allowed the right to return to somewhere in England in return for good behaviour. Is this how Sheldrake ended up working for George Ringer as the article states “in the hope of being able to reclaim him, [George Ringer] gave him employment”. In another reference it stated that a ‘ticket of leave’ could be given to a person who had been “convicted and sentenced to transportation”, so could infer that it could be given before the voyage actually happened.
A “ticket of leave,” usually was enforceable for the remainder of the sentence. If Sheldrake was thinking about leaving Mr. Ringer’s employment in 1861 (but chose to stay), perhaps this was the finality of the “ticket of leave,”.
No record has been found of Sheldrake on a ship’s prisoner manifest reinforcing that he did not travel abroad. Also, adding up the periods of incarceration from above, along with his time at Portsmouth Prison, shows no time for him to have travelled to a Colony. So Charles transported – No.
It’s interesting where research leads, even if you didn’t initially intend for it to take you there.
If anyone has anything they can add to this story then please make contact.
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[1] Tharston Past
[2] The Bury and Norwich Post
[3] 1861 National Census - RG09 Piece 1232 Folio 83 Page 19 Schedule 104
[4] The Magpie Inn - Norfolk Public Houses
[5] 1841 National Census - HO107 Piece 758 Book 2 Folio 6 Page 6
[6] 1851 National Census - HO107 Schedule 90 Piece 1821 Folio 439 Page 25
[7] Civil Registration, Death - 1861 Q2 Depwade Norfolk Vol 4B Page 174
[8] Millbank Prison - Wikipedia
[9] Pentonville Prison - Wikipedia
[10] Portsmouth Prison - Wikipedia